“Not a day goes by that I don’t think of Richard and our love, our right to marry, and how much it meant to me to have that freedom to marry the person precious to me, even if others thought he was the ‘wrong kind of person’ for me to marry. I believe all Americans, no matter their race, no matter their sex, no matter their sexual orientation, should have that same freedom to marry. Government has no business imposing some people’s religious beliefs over others. Especially if it denies people’s civil rights. I am still not a political person, but I am proud that Richard’s and my name is on a court case that can help reinforce the love, the commitment, the fairness, and the family that so many people, black or white, young or old, gay or straight seek in life. I support the freedom to marry for all. That’s what Loving, and loving, are all about.” – Mildred Loving.1
On June 2, 1958, two childhood sweethearts, residents of Virginia, Mildred Jeter, an 18 year old, half African American and Cherokee woman, and Richard Loving, a 24 year old white man, were married in the District of Columbia, where it is legal for any man and women to marry regardless of their skin color. However, the District of Columbia was one of the few places where interracial marriages were legal. The District of Columbia along with other states believed a person could marry anyone they wanted regardless of the color of their skin. Shortly after their wedding, they returned to their home in Virginia. This was July 1958 16 and the State of Virginia did not recognize marriage between interracial couples which led to their arrest in the middle of the night in their home. “The Sheriff barged into the house, walked into their bedroom in the middle of the night, with no permission and demanded to know why they were together. Mr Loving worried of such a possibility told them his marriage license was in the drawer of the nightstand. But the sheriff arrested them anyway and charged them with violating that state’s anti-miscegenation laws prohibiting inter-racial marriages.” 2 They were arrested for violating the States Racial Integrity Act of 1924. The act made it illegal for a white person to marry anyone other than a white person, and were not able to marry unless they could prove the man and women were of pure white blood. If anyone violated this act it could result to 1 to 5 years in prison. In court, the Lovings both pleaded guilty and were sentenced to 1 year in prison. When they went to the Virginia Supreme Court Judge Leon M. Bazile found them guilty and suspended their one year sentence “On the condition that the couple leave the state and not return to Virginia together for 25 years.” 3
At that point there was nothing the Lovings could do anymore but leave. They left everything they had, including friends and family and tried to make a life for themselves in Washington DC. They would at times drives back to Virginia to see family and were extremely cautious to not be seen together. They were never together in Virginia unless they were inside the house where no one could see them. Some days Mildred would stay in Virginia and Richard would leave and on some they did the opposite. It was a tiring journey and Mildred could not take it anymore. Washington was not the ideal place where she wanted to raise her kids or live the rest of her life. She yearned for their life was back home in Virginia. During this time the Civil Rights Movement was rising and it inspired Mildred to take a huge step. In 1964, Mildred wrote to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy hoping he could help. Kennedy then told her to contact the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop, ACLU lawyers, were more than eager to take up the case.4
Cohen and Hirschkop decided to take the case to the District Court of Virginia. It took a whole year for the suit to go through. However nothing changed. Judge Bazile’s argument was “Almighty God created the races white, black, yellow, Malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix.” 5 His prejudiced response gave them the grounds they needed to appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, however Judge Bazile’s decisions was upheld. It was the time every lawyer dreams of, for them to take the next big step: the Supreme Court. Finally, on April 10, 1967, the case came before the Supreme Court. This was the first time, the Supreme Court had to decide about interracial marriage bans. Neither one of the attorneys had experience in federal courts. Hirschknop was only two years out of law school and Bernard who had been out of law school for over three years, still lacked real experience in the Supreme Court. One of the biggest civil rights cases in the United States was being argued by two lawyers who lacked experience drastically lowering their chance of winning. Their argument was that Virginia’s law violates both the due process clause of the 14th amendment and the Equal Protection Clause. “The clear and central purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment is to eliminate all official state sources of invidious racial discrimination in the states.” 6 The lawyers used their evidence and knowledge to express how civil rights are part of any person’s constitutional and fundamental human right for pursuit of happiness, no matter the color their skin. The state made its argument based on “equal application theory”. They argued since both received the same punishment, they were not discriminated based upon their race, i.e. there was nothing constitutionally wrong with the court’s decision.
Neither Mildred nor Richard Loving appeared in court. However Richard sent a letter to the justices “Tell the Court I love my wife and it is just not fair that I cannot live with her in Virginia.”7 The love of the Loving was strong and the United States Supreme Court Justices granted it constitutional protection it deserve equally under the law. On June 6 1967, the Court made its decision. Their unanimous decision ruled in favor of the Loving family. Bernard S. Cohen and Philip J. Hirschkop, won the case for the Lovings and proved the State of Virginia wrong. Loving v. Virginia 1967 forced 16 US states to strike down their anti-miscegenation laws.8. Chief Justice Warren delivered the opinion of the court. He stated “There is patently no legitimate overriding purpose independent of invidious racial discrimination which justifies this classification. The fact that Virginia prohibits only interracial marriages involving white persons demonstrates that the racial classifications must stand on their own justification, as measures designed to maintain White Supremacy.” 9
Nine years after the Lovings’ arrest, Mildred and Richard could finally go home in peace. Richard built a house for his wife and 3 children in Virginia where they live together having overturned unjust laws. The battle was finally over, couples of every race could intermarry in any state they chose. The Lovings got to live and raise their children in their home state. Sadly, this beautiful family’s happiness was cut short when a drunk driver ended the life of Richard Loving on June 29, 1975. Mildred lost sight in her right eye in the same accident. She continued to lived in the house Richard built for her and their children. She never remarried. She could never love anyone as much as she loved Richard. She did not leave her house as much after his death and remained pretty quiet until recent years. She became an even bigger inspiration to many. She was interviewed and asked about her opinion on same sex marriage. She became a huge advocate for same-sex marriage. From her own experience, she knew that the government has no right to tell anyone who they can and cannot marry. Her story helped the landmark 2015 same sex marriage case that made it legal for adult to marry no matter their gender. Last year was the 50th anniversary of the Loving case, and on June 12, we celebrate the unofficial day called “Loving Day” to remember the Loving case and the end of all bans on interracial marriages. Their love is eternal and their case will be remembered as the case that showed hope and love can overcome injustice and discrimination. “Thats what Loving and loving are all about.” 10
- Stolberg, Sheryl G. “50 Years After Loving v. Virginia.” The New York Times. June 11, 2017. Accessed April 28, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/us/50-years-after-loving-v-virginia.html. ↵
- Halman, RW. “Miscegenation: Loving v. Virginia.” Spirit of a Liberal (blog). Accessed April 28, 2018. http://www.theliberalspirit.com/miscegenation-loving-v-virginia/. ↵
- Roberts, Dorothy E. “Loving v. Virginia as a Civil Rights Decision.” Review of Loving v. Virginia Supreme Court Case. 2014, 175-209. Accessed April 28, 2018, http://www.nylslawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2015/02/Volume-59-1.Roberts.pdf. ↵
- Holland, Brynn. “Mildred and Richard: The Love Story That Changed America.” History Stories. February 17, 2017. Accessed April 28, 2018. Mildred and Richard: The Love Story that Changed America. ↵
- Holland, Brynn. “Mildred and Richard: The Love Story That Changed America.” History Stories. February 17, 2017. Accessed April 28, 2018. Mildred and Richard: The Love Story that Changed America. ↵
- Loving v. Virginia, 395 (June 12, 1967). ↵
- Holland, Brynn. “Mildred and Richard: The Love Story That Changed America.” History Stories. February 17, 2017. Accessed April 28, 2018. Mildred and Richard: The Love Story that Changed America. ↵
- Deniz, Gevrek. “Interracial Marriage, Migration and Loving.” The Review Of Black Political Economyno. 1 (2014): 25. RePEc, EBSCOhost (accessed March 27, 2018) ↵
- Loving v. Virginia, 395 (June 12, 1967). ↵
- Stolberg, Sheryl G. “50 Years After Loving v. Virginia.” The New York Times. June 11, 2017. Accessed April 28, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/11/us/50-years-after-loving-v-virginia.html. ↵
This Post Has 103 Comments
I like that this article began with a quote by Mildred Loving as it shows her authenticity! It’s so interesting to hear the reasons behind Supreme Court cases such as Loving v. Virginia 1967. I admire the love and dedication that this couple had for each other along with the persistence and hard work that the inexperienced attorneys, Bernard Cohen and Philip Hirschkop had. Winning this case demonstrates that advocating for your rights pays off. Great article!
The beginning of this article was incredibly beautiful; Mildred Loving’s description of how much she loved her husband, Richard, just goes to show that love has no race. I thought it was heartbreaking that the Lovings were told to leave Virginia because interracial marriage would not be recognized in the state. But, love never fails. I am proud to live in a time where interracial marriage is legal in all states and people are free to love whoever they want.
I loved this article!! It is unique and interesting considering the circumstances of the relationship. Amazingly, two people from, what seems to be from two opposite worlds can come together even when the country did not approve and showed social intolerance. I liked how the article emphasized the greater impact that love has rather than the hatred that engulfed them.
It really is sad how messed up our laws were. It is crazy to even think of such a thing in today’s age, but it was very real. It is even worse that they even went to jail for it. There is no excuse to stop love. I don’t understand why people have such a problem with letting people love who they love. I am happy that they won their case even though it took years.
I will always find it ridiculous when people try to have this kind of control over people. Dictating who they can or can’t marry/love. What difference does it make? What other people choose to do when it comes to their love life shouldn’t even be considered something that the government or law can regulate. It’s none of their business, honestly and with all due respect. The two individuals in this article deserve that right, to live with who they choose to without anyone else having a say. If they’re happy together and truly want to be with one other on legal terms because of their care, then why hold them back. There’s no harm in interracial marriages at all.
I guess I could say that I take advantage of all the rights and freedom I sustain today. I have never have had to live with the concern of not being able to be seen in public with someone who sustains a different skin tone. It is insane and hard for me to wrap the thought of the massive amounts of societal changes we have today in comparison to the past. I find it beyond disgusting that people who held the most power believed that God separated races in different continents so they would not mix up, thus being enough to enforce a law that prohibited interracial marriages. But as they say, love wins in the end and it made my heart melt that the Lovings were able to express their love publicly along with others.
This is crazy! I was born and raised in Virginia and near the DC area and I had never heard of this case! I find it ironic that the slogan for Virginia is that Virginia is for lovers! The slogan is unrelated though, I looked it up. It is beautiful that this couple fought for their love and continued to be advocates for all love for the remainder of their years.
It is so crazy to think that because two individuals were not the same color they could not legally be married or even seen together for that matter. I personally believe that the government should not be able to state who you can and cannot be together with because you have rights. Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving did not care about the color of their significant others skin, they loved each other for who they were. The two were married in the District of Columbia where marriage of the opposite race was legal. This type of marriage was not legal in their home state of Virginia. Mildred and Richard were arrested in the middle of the night at their home in Virginia. This case appeared in court and was greatly dragged out, it was not until June 6, 1967 that the case had been finalized. The decision came out in favor of the Lovings. This article was well written using factual evidence to narrate this important piece of history!
In today’s society, I feel as though interracial marriage is very common and not much an issue any longer. Although, it would be an understatement to say that racial issues no longer arise. Unfortunately, these days many people still see minorities as less than which is very upsetting due to all of our country’s history. Court cases like Loving v. Virginia, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education and many more really should put into perspective that the minorities are never just going to stand back and let the world walk all over them. The government has done what they can do to try to create equality around the world (excluding gay marriage). It is now our turn to promote change and equality in the minorities of our world. No person deserves to feel less than because of their race, sexual orientation, as well as the race of the person they love. This article really enlightened me on the issues our country once had and because minorities stood their ground, our country is a more welcoming and accepting place to live. This particular article provided details to a very important case that really makes you think “why was interracial marriage such an issue”? This article explains that the reasoning to this is “The fact that he (God) separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix”. I had never heard this particular side to the argument before.
I really enjoyed reading this article because I think cases like this are super interesting to read about and this article was really well researched and written. This was a little upsetting because to me you should have just let them be happy with each other but sadly the times were different. I am glad that everything would eventually work out but it is a pain how long that it took for this to happen. I am also glad that we are not stuck in the past and people can now love who they want to. We still have some work but I think that this is a good example of love can conquer all.