During the nineteenth century, London was riddled with crime and corruption and the district of Whitechapel was filled with prostitutes and crime. To worsen matters, the police force was weakened due to the inefficiency of those in charge. As a result, the home secretary sought to appoint former soldier Sir Charles Warren as Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan police force. It was not until March 1886 that Warren began his work as Chief Commissioner over all districts in London.1
Pressured by the widespread approval from the people of Whitechapel, Warren knew he had a lot to fix within the police force to stabilize the district. Warren’s first reform was manpower redistribution within police force division, specifically the addition of two divisions, F and J. In his following two years, he reinforced the importance of these two new divisions when he assigned more trained police officers to these divisions in attempt to create order in London’s districts.2
Although prostitution was quite common in nineteenth-century London, its legality resulted in neglect from police commissioner Warren. However, in 1888, Warren began to focus on the Whitechapel district in particular, due to the murder spree of Jack the Ripper, who had mutilated over seven prostitutes in five months. Commissioner Warren had to regroup officers from other divisions into the district of Whitechapel in an attempt to catch the killer.3
The investigation began with Martha Tabram, the first known victim of Jack the Ripper.4 Tabram was found dead on the stairs of a lodging house with thirty-nine stab wounds. Police reports concluded that one of her wounds was inflicted by a left-handed person, while the other lacerations on the body did not match the same stabbing pattern. The inconclusive investigation tore the police force apart. To worsen matters, Warren had no official statement for the public and the city grew unsettled. No crime as brutal as Martha’s had been committed in the East-end at the time. However, no one anticipated that Jack the Ripper would gruesomely slay two more victims within the next two weeks.
The second victim, Mary Ann Nichols, was found with her throat and abdomen split open in a yard by J division twenty-four days after Tabram was found. However, the Crime Investigation Department (CID) was unable to gather any evidence that could trace back to Jack the Ripper due to the interference of Warren’s H division constables. One of his constables was headed back to work when he stumbled across Nichols’ body and ran to the scene. Without thought, he tampered with the crime scene, but he was not the only one who broke division protocol that night. On the scene, the doctor observed the corpse’s wounds and ordered an unauthorized police officer to escort Nichols’ body off to a morgue. With the presence of only one amateur photographer and a dismissive doctor, the investigation photographs only captured Mary Ann Nichols with a white sheet over her face. Countless hours of investigation led up to little progress. Commissioner Warren doubted his ability to stop Jack the Ripper.5
The aftermath of the crime proved that the new division strategy Commissioner Warren had constructed was flawed. With no report or valid evidence, the people of Whitechapel felt unsafe, and uneasy towards Chief Commissioner Warren and his officers. Unfortunately, the murder of Annie Chapman happened a few days later, and caused panic for the Chief Commissioner. Chapman was found with her throat slit from left to right and her stomach split open, exposing her intestines. There was no strategy Warren could construct to apprehend Jack the Ripper. It was the beginning of a never ending goose-chase.6
With the continuous murders, Commissioner Warren knew he had to act quickly, but he wasn’t sure how to approach the situation. Warren was a man of action, but too caught up in his power to effectively lead. Distracted by public elections, Warren drifted away from the security of the Whitechapel district. Warren’s main focus was to gain the head detective position for the CID. When he was chosen to be the head detective, he ran the investigations in his own way without considering the opinions of his partners. Subsequently, the investigations he took part in led to a dead end, and on September 30, Jack the Ripper struck again.7
Twenty-eight days after Chapman’s attack, Jack the Ripper struck twice, mutilating the bodies of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes. Both bodies were severely cut open exposing intestines and their throats slit from left to right. Eddowes’ body was missing a kidney and part of her ear. Her mutilated body became the worst case of homicide the police force had encountered to date. Violence escalated as the Ripper took more time mutilating the bodies. However, this time Jack the Ripper decided to start sending letters to the Whitechapel police, mocking their inability to catch him. Five days before the attack of Stride and Eddowes, the force received a letter in which the Ripper stated that he was just getting started with his work. The letters didn’t seem to satisfy the Ripper, so he sent out a special package. When the police force opened the package, they came across a kidney with a letter written in blood.8 Warren and several officers treated the letters as a hoax, but with Eddowes missing kidney, the fear grew among all of the men and the city.
Commissioner Warren quickly acted by enforcing stricter night watch for the officers to stake out the Ripper. But the neighboring communities and locals questioned their safety and the commissioner’s strength in the case. Soon, the Office of the Board of Works wrote a letter to Chief Warren in regards to his ineffective strategies and weak vigilance. There were plenty of citizen-written letters as well, some suggesting their own methods for strategically catching Jack the Ripper. One that stood out to Chief Warren was the use of hound dogs to track the Ripper as he attacked his next victim.9
October was a quiet month for the city of Whitechapel, with no activity from the Ripper recorded. In preparation for any unexpected acts, Warren gathered hound dogs to prepare for the next attack. Commissioner Warren hired Edwin Brough to take his dogs in order to train them for the mission he had prepared. Warren was sure he would get Jack the Ripper now. For several days the dogs would train by searching for Warren who was imitating the target. But the weeks passed and October remained slow with no murders.10 The town grew quiet, still in fear, but relieved while Warren felt defeated and out of place in his work. On the 8th of November, Commissioner Warren resigned, but remained part of the investigation until December of 1888.
After resigning, Commissioner Warren felt confident that the Ripper was finished with his work this time and released Edwin Brough with his hound dogs. Abruptly on November 9, Mary Kelly was the last prostitute mutilated, a conclusion to the Ripper’s murder spree. Kelly’s breast were cut off, naked with her guts out, elbow bent, and her faced hacked beyond recognition.11 There was not much to be done when they made a postmortem examination, but it was concluded that all the murders were committed by one man. All the fault laid on Commissioner Warren when the media and public addressed their hate towards his low quality leading and inability to catch the killer. Newspapers flooded the streets, all demanding the Whitechapel officers to explain what their next steps would be and if any evidence was found that could help identify the Ripper.
Unfortunately, Chief Commissioner Warren’s attempts to catch the Ripper failed, and those who had once praised him now poured public shame on him for his lack of effective leadership. Over time the investigation pool only held three contemporary suspects. The one that stood out the most was a Jewish man that went by the name Kosminski. Kosminski’s name appears in several detective annotations from the crime scene investigations and other police reports. One witness claimed to have noticed him taking part in a murder, but refused to testify against him due to his Jewish heritage and disapproval of capital punishment. Even though the murders stopped after the identification of Kosminski, the true murderer remains unknown to this day.12
- Scott Palmer, Jack the Ripper: A Reference Guide (Boston: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1995), 65-68. ↵
- Scott Palmer, Jack the Ripper: A Reference Guide (Boston: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1995), 65-68. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 125-127. ↵
- Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology, 2001, s.v. “Jack the Ripper,” by J. Gordon Melton. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 128-135. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 135-140. ↵
- Scott Palmer, Jack the Ripper: A Reference Guide (Boston: Scarecrow Press, Inc, 1995), 65-70. ↵
- Lee Lerner and Brenda W. Lerner, Crime and Punishment: Essential Primary Sources (Detroit: Gale, 2006), 99-101. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 190-200. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 200-220. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 225-243. ↵
- Neil R. A. Bell, Capturing Jack the Ripper (United Kingdom: Amberley Publishing, 2014), 153-230. ↵
This Post Has 59 Comments
I have always liked reading about crime and how they were enacted and such and this is one such feat. Jack the Ripper was a real tough guy with no remorse to take action against people he decided he wanted to have them as bait for and later murder them. It was hard to track him due to the technology of the day and the strain that looked to be happening by the London police, trying to balance each area out with security and protection to the general populance but in my sense, the actions the ripper did was shocking but Warren really had little to do to even catch the guy if he wanted to unless he had a crime person from the future stop by and give him science stuff to find him.
Such an informative and interesting article! Very captivating. Honestly I am familiar with Jack the Ripper and wish I knew more. I knew that Jack the Ripper was a morbid murdered yet I did not know the extent of it. This article gave such great information that was honestly scary. It honestly probably rattled England knowing their country was under attack from a crazy man. Because of this article it gave great insight into Jack the Ripper. I loved reading your article. Great job
I empathies with Warren, to have started out with such promise only to be remembered as a failure. I admit that while I am familiar with who Jack the ripper is I didn’t know to much about his victims and the ineffective nature of the London police force at the time. I suppose the take away from this whole affair is that managing corruption in government agencies is of upmost importance. Perhaps if the London police had been of better quality the ripper may have been stopped and Warren may have gone down as one of the world’s best police commissioners.
I was fortunate enough to visit the streets where the so called “Jack” the ripper committed such atrocities… Our tour guide, who was dressed in a vintage suit and big hat to resemble the time, made us guess who could have done such sinister crimes. Everyone in our school group was shouting out random male names but then I concluded that it was a female. No one knows who the real killer is so why label the murder a man when it could have been a woman (or non-binary). It’s just interesting to see how our brains, or at least the people in my school group, were so certain that the killer was a man and not a women… If I could receive the truth to all of my unanswered questions in the world this would definitely be in the top five. It’s also quite devastating that Commissioner Warren’s career ended so abruptly but maybe if they had expanded their range of subjects in regards to sex he could’ve kept his job…. We will never know.
I have always been fascinated with the Jack the Ripper case because of how the police never found him. How did the entire police force not even figure out his name, occupation, or motive? I never knew the name of the police chief who continuously tried to catch him until reading this article. I wonder if Jack the Ripper lived on to kill but used different methods just to not get caught due to the new technology being made. This article is very well written and I loved it!
I had known of Jack the Ripper but not of the police force trying to track him down. I can only imagine how frustrating and exhausting it must have been having him constantly slip through their fingers. The fear that paralyzed the city must have been unimaginable knowing there was such a horrific killer on the loose. I found this article captivating! Very well written!
I never knew the true story about Jack the Ripper until now. The things this article describes are quite frightening and gruesome. I never realized how violent his murders truly were. The fact that it was one of the worst homicide cases they had seen really amazes me. If I was a person in the city, I would be absolutely terrified reading about these horrible crimes.
I have only ever heard of Jack the Ripper, but I have never actually known the story behind this name. This article was very gruesome and honestly scary, but it told the story very well! I can’t even imagine how terrified the city must’ve felt due to these crimes taking place. I think it’s insane how Jack the Ripper sent packages mocking the police, and how difficult it was for officials to ever identify him.
The story of Jack the Ripper has become part of pop culture in global history. While I knew the story of this murderer, I had never heard about who the police chief was who started an investigation to catch him without success. Sir Charles Warren definitely had high hopes to capture the murderer, but his attempts were unsuccessful, and that happened because of the inefficiency of the police system in London at that time.